Perspectives on People at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Perspectives on People at Work - Essay Example This essay stresses that the managers single out significant differences in the way people approach work and organizations. Power distance is the extent to which members of a society accept that power is distributed unequally in organizations. In all societies there is inequality between people, be it based upon physical, economic, intellectual or social characteristics. If people feel that they belong and are included it enables them to feel good about working in an organisation. If, on the other hand, people do not feel part of the organisation - that they do not share the domi ¬nant attitudes and beliefs - negative emotional consequences are likely to result. Studies of token women in management support these ideas. Today, the manager may be imposed, formally appointed or elected, or emerge naturally through the demands of the situation or the wishes of the group as a leader. The manager should possess the competencies to use and evaluate new ideas, but he/she must also have the insight into the impact these ideas will have on the future. This paper makes a conclusion that the manager needs to recognize his influence on the staff and individual differences which might impact his style of management. When the manager does not receive the â€Å"sender's message† in the manner intended, it results in miscommunication and conflicts. Every person is a unique individual and organizations should carefully select managers taking onto account their personal characteristics and individual differences.

A war between the United States and Iran Essay Example for Free

A war between the United States and Iran Essay Preparations for a massive military strike on Iran are in full swing by the United States of America. But will these preparations convert to actual bombing on the ground? Are the two countries going to be embroiled in a war soon? These are the questions that are being asked everywhere, in hushed tones if it is the Pentagon corridors and terrified glances if it is the streets of Tehran. With Iran defying the UN’s call for restraint in its nuclear programme openly, it has only become successful in intensifying the speculations about the war. The issue here is â€Å"Is it inevitable? † Before we get in to the nitty-gritty of the Iranian crisis, let us look into the different causes of the wars that have been raged in the recent future. The twentieth century started with World War I in 1914 and since then, it is interesting to note that the wars have a particular pattern. The causes have always been dependent on three factors: Systemic factors, domestic politics and the role of the Decision maker. Hence, we would also try to view the US-Iran issue through this prism. However, comparing the pre-nuclear wars in a pre-nuclear age with wars in post-nuclear age would be a waste of space. Instead, it would do well if we look into the causes that can trigger a war in the present times where possessing nuclear power is not only a stark reality but also the bone of contention in this particular case. It is the claim by the Iranian government that they are ready to start developing nuclear weapons is what has triggered the whole issue. And ironically, it is the very reason that is playing a deterrent in the war. Remarkable is the fact that it is only America that is concerned with Iran trying to possess the deadly weapon. The first and foremost question that would help us in determining the fate of this discussion would be: Why is America so bothered? America, the self-declared big brother of all the nations on this planet, takes up the â€Å"burden† of maintaining peace on earth. To quote Eisenhower, â€Å"Freedom is indivisible.. †. America takes it as its personal duty to ensure that â€Å"Freedom† is maintained all over the world. If it was â€Å"Communism† that was a threat against â€Å"Freedom† during the cold war, today it is the irresponsible rulers of nations that possess or aspire to possess nuclear weapons that are threatening the â€Å"Freedom† in the world. And when Truman declared that â€Å"We cannot hope to maintain our freedom, if freedom elsewhere is wiped out†, he meant it. However, the reasons why Israeli attack on Palestine killing hundreds of civilians is not wiping out â€Å"Freedom† but North Korea developing nuclear capability is has interesting reasons. History has been witness to this characteristic of America where it deems it is her right to attack any country it wills to protect the attacked country’s â€Å"freedom†. According to Jutta Welders (Pg 37, culture of insecurity), the compelling reason for America to act in this fashion is to maintain its supremacy in the world. An act of aggression under the cloak of â€Å"Freedom fighters† becomes a necessity to project itself as a strong nation which can not only defend itself but protect other countries as well. A bright example would be the Cuban missile crisis. When this â€Å"crisis† occurred, many were of the view that it was quite unnecessary for America to take up such a strong and aggressive tone. However, it did do that and according to Jutta Weldes, it is the compelling reason to showcase its power that led it to act strong. In fact, Jutta Weldes considers the Cuban missile crisis as not a crisis at all. To quote her, â€Å".. crises are social constructions that are forged by state officials in the course of producing and reproducing state identity†. She is of the view that it depends on the social construction that makes us define a situation as â€Å"Crisis†. It depends on how we view a nation that determines whether it is a crisis or not. For example, Iran possessing nukes is such a big issue and is immediately converted into a â€Å"Crisis† whereas an equally notorious state like Pakistan possessing the deadly weapons is not. It has been time and again proved that large number of terrorist activities has their funds traced back to Pakistan. However, Pakistan escaped the whip but Iraq was destroyed in the name of WMDs! The only explanation for this is the prism that US uses to define its foreign policies. Attack the nations that would give it a chance to maintain her supremacy in the world. Attacking Pakistan would back fire as it has the capability to strike back. And attacking Iraq or Iran will definitely be easier as these countries have a notorious reputation which required some policing and also are comparative weaklings. Hence, the systemic reasons for US to wage a war against Iran are quite obvious: a chance to police a nation that has a history of supporting the biggest threat world faces today, that is, terrorism and simultaneously reaffirm its image as the superpower which it seems to be losing to China. If attacking Iran salvages some pride for US, the role of domestic politics in the whole affair plays another important role. US, the strongest nation in the world today, are also the most vulnerable to attacks by various terrorist outfits. After 9/11, it has taken its goal of fighting terrorism quite seriously. However, the path it has chosen to fight it is not very often appreciated. The aftermath of 9/11 saw it attacking Afghanistan and driving out the Taliban ruthlessly. Afghanistan was the target because it sheltered the most dangerous terrorist outfit in the world, Al-Qaeda. Their slogan was a regime change is essential for to â€Å"smoke out† the terrorist and the whole war was essentially to capture one man – Osama Bin Laden. The attack resulted in the killings of thousands of innocent Afghanistan who were already tired by the war torn politics of Taliban. America could never capture the villain. However, it overthrew Taliban and today, a â€Å"democratically† elected government exists in place of it. Is Afghanistan a changed country today? Has America finally left its shores after the war? Both the answers are No! Terrorism has been controlled and yes, America is still â€Å"guarding† Afghanistan with its air raids on civilians. The failure of capturing Osama in Laden was quite frustrating for the Bush administration and it was in search for a new scapegoat. And they found the perfect one in the form of Saddam Hussain. Suddenly, Iraq, the starving nation which was already bogged down by various sanctions and its citizens further troubled by the tyrannic rule of Saddam Hussain finds itself in the line of fire. The reasons given are quite fishy. America is suddenly in possession of confidential information that Iraq possesses weapons of mass destruction and Saddam Hussain should be relieved of his responsibility of taking care of them! The reasons were uttered in the same chilling tone of how Iraq, which can’t survive without taking aid from UN, poses the danger of destroying the whole world. The solution that is needed is again a â€Å"Regime Change†. America reasoned introduction of democracy in the country will solve the problem. Thus, despite the worldwide protests that marked the growing contempt against America and the UN Security Council voting against a military attack, America single-handedly went about with its â€Å"war on terrorism†. After 3 years of war, a executed Saddam Hussain, uncountable civilian deaths and threats of civil war ( not to forget the daily suicide attacks by shiities), no one found alleged WMDs. Today, it has been almost accepted that the report on WMD was wrong! The flak US received for the irresponsible behavior is enormous and its image in the middle east has gone for a beating as today, many believe that US is waging war on Islam rather than Terrorists. Its belief that a regime change is the only solution that can solve the problems of the world is quite naive. It proposes the same thing when it comes to Iran. Seymour M. Hersh, in journal â€Å"Fact: Annals of national security† had mentioned his conversation with Patrick Clawson, an Iran expert who is the deputy director for research at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy and who has been supporter of President Bush, who clearly spoke of regime change the ultimate solution. He said, â€Å"So long as Iran has an Islamic Republic, it will have a nuclear-weapons program, at least clandestinely. The key issue is therefore, how long will the present regime last? † This archaic view that regime change or toppling of government in another country and forcing them to â€Å"democracy† has never worked in bringing the much desired goal of the war – peace. In fact, statistics have shown that the transition period from any kind of rule to democracy has always been bloody and nations become quite war-prone (Democratization and war). The most recent examples are, of course, Afghanistan and Iraq, which are facing gruesome infighting among themselves. So why is America so bent upon making a regime change in those countries? Apart from the apparent reasons of dismantling the network of terrorism, experts are of the view that it is also the question of who controls the oil in the future that has been a major driving force behind the American policy. Middle East is the home for oil throughout the world and it is the control of oil that is US after. With its fast disappearance and soaring prices (reasons partly because the war that US is waging), the control of the oil fields will definitely be beneficial for America. In fact, the one who controls oil in the future is the undisputed king. This goes in line with the policy of US for whom displaying its authority is very important as it seems to be losing the crown to the exponential growth of China. Therefore, attacking Iran is also a desperate attempt by US to reiterate that it is America that is still calling the shots. However, attacking Iran has its own dangers. The most important and the immediate is the image of US in the Islamic world. Its continuous attacks on Islamic nations has made it poised against Islam and has become quite unpopular in the Middle East. If not anything else, America through these attacks is only getting successful in inviting the wrath of the people living there. In a conversation with Seymour M Hersh, Richard Armitrage was echoing the same sentiments – â€Å"What will happen in the other Islamic countries? What ability does Iran have to reach us and touch us globally – that is, terrorism? Will Syria and Lebanon up the pressure on Israel? What does the attack do to our already diminished international standing? And what does this mean for Russia, China and the U. N Security Council? † Yet how many in Washington will consider these questions? According to Seymour, there are people out there who believe it is the way to operate! If domestic politics are reasons enough to wage war, the role of the decision maker is of paramount importance. It is the head who declares wars and in this case Bush has quite a penchant for declaring wars. It is widely believed that Bush will declare war against Iran before leaving the White house. In fact, President Bush believes that â€Å"He must do what no democrat or Republican, if elected in the future, would have the courage to do, and that saving Iran is going to be his legacy†. The personal ambition of Bush also seems to make the fear of turning Teheran in to a sea of fire in to reality. Moreover, with the failure of Iraq where they achieved instant victory but not a decisive one, Bush administration is looking out for scapegoats in a large way. Iran with its close proximity with Iraq is believed to be a supplier of arms and ammunitions to the Shiite attackers in the troubled Iraq. Those attacks are not only killing innocent Iraqis but also resulting in the death of hundreds of American troops out there. In short, it is a personal failure for Bush as a president as he forced his military in to war for no reasons. It becomes very important for him to fathom some pride and Iran seems to be a ripe case. One House member told Seymour when speaking of Bush â€Å"The most worrisome thing is that this guy has a messianic vision†. Therefore, you have President Bush waiting to bomb Iran at the slightest pretext. But how can attacking Iran solve the Iraq problem? The strategy that is being followed by the Americans is to start infighting in Iran and force it to take some irresponsible action like an up in the activities along the Iraqi border. The first response to any of American disturbance in Iran is believed to be given across the Iraq border which presently houses many American troops. The white house hopes to take advantage of that situation and make it an excuse to attack Iran. This reason is widely believed to work as the blame of first strike can always be switched to Iran and America will only be fighting for â€Å"Safeguarding† its citizens. Combining the above reasons, America declaring war on Iran seems to be a matter of time. The systemic, domestic politics and decision maker reasons a need for another war. The attack on Iran will accomplish three important factors for America. 1. America is believed to be the favorite target for the terrorists and its war on terrorism is necessary to protect itself as a nation. Moreover, this would give the image of the departing super power the much needed boost. An attack on Iran will give the masculine quality to the nation that it believes will spread â€Å"awe† across the world. 2. The second and more compelling reason for the attack is the role that domestic politics plays in this issue. Attack on Iran will bring about a regime change which will help America post â€Å"Freedom† there. This in other words means another puppet government that would act on the whims of US. This is quite beneficial as this gives it direct control over the oil fields of Iran along with Iraq’s, thanks to the WMD ghosts. So, that means with a single strike, not only do they believe that terrorism and nukes will be taken care of but also the oil fields. 3. The third reason is President Bush. His stint as President of America has mainly been marred by Wars. If in the past it was Afghanistan, now it is Iraq. Apparently, both have them have been failures as there have been no decisive victories. The victories have only been fast as is expected from a war between the super power and a starving nation. Iran war will give him the much needed boost to his image as this war can be a golden opportunity to pass the blame on Iran for the Iraq fiasco. Taking all these reasons into considerations, attack by America on Iran for possessing Nukes is quite imminent. Experts say Iran is still five to ten years away from developing any kind of weapon. However, America is bent upon going ahead with its plans. Therefore, nukes or no nukes, Iran is the golden opportunity to accomplish a lot many tasks. Nuclear disarmament is just one of the small ones.

Living Within Constraints :: essays research papers

Living Within Constraints Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply In the early ages people were hunters, or predators; they had to survive by killing other species. Although predators are supposed to be the strongest in the food chain, people were vulnerable because they had to depend on the same species below them. Our senses were not developed as well either; hearing, smelling, eye sight were and still are not as good as of those below us. We can’t kill with our teeth or nails, like some alligators could. So after 4 ice ages, only 25,000 people were left. That’s when they realized that they had to change their loosing strategies and that’s when they came up with Subsistence Agriculture. People domesticated animals, plants, and according to the number of the population today, we are doing real well. The world population grew slowly over much of the historic past; it was not until after 1900 that growth accelerated. The 1992 population was 5.5 billion. Now the world population is increasing at about 1.7% yr, corresponding to a doubling time of 40 years. In the early 1960s, most nations were self-sufficient in food; now only a few are. Except for parts of Africa, production exceeded population growth throughout the world. Per capita production has now slowed and appears to be declining. In line with recent studies, we estimate that with the world population at 5.5 billion, food production is adequate to feed 7 billion people a vegetarian diet, with ideal distribution and no grain fed to livestock. Yet possibly as many as two billion people are now living in poverty, and over 1 billion in ‘utter poverty’ live with hunger. Inadequate distribution of food is a substantial contributing factor to this current situation. Less than one half of the world’s land area is suitable for agriculture, including grazing. Nearly all of the world’s productive land, flat and with water, is already exploited. Most of the unexploited land is either too steep, too wet, too dry, or too cold for agriculture. Water Shortages: Pressures from growing population have strained water resources in many areas of the world. Worldwide, 214 river or lake basins, containing 40% of the world’s population, now compete for water. If we improve conservation of water, it would enhance rainfed and irrigated crop yields. A major difficulty arises simply from the rate with which food supplies would have to be expanded to pace or to exceed population growth rates in those countries experiencing high growth rates.

Human Proportions in Architecture

‘After having considered the right arrangement of the human body, the ancients proportioned all their work, particularly the temples, in accordance with it'. To what extent does the human body influence architectural forms and writing from antiquity to 1600? The study of the human body has spanned centuries, from the mathematicians of antiquity to the humanist scholars of the High Renaissance, and parallels between the bodily proportions and architecture have played their part in some of the most celebrated architectural feats.Writers and architects throughout this period never eased in exploring the various ways in which the ‘arrangement of the human body could be applied to architecture, from associations with the Golden Section, to the Roman perfect numbers, and the creation of the square and the circle as ‘ideal' forms derived from the Vitamins man. Yet, whilst all these issues were significant to the architects and writers of this period, many other factors wer e Just as important in determining the architecture produced.It is important to take into account not only alternative systems of proportion other than those derived from the human body, but also the historical and social context in which buildings were being designed. Furthermore, whilst writers and architects were influenced by the use of the human body in previous works, they were often equally influenced by the mere ‘authorities' of the past, and whilst human proportions may have been passed on through the centuries, the meaning behind its involvement was frequently lost, so that it was not a conscious reference to the human body, but a keeping with tradition.The theory which exists as the basis of this discussion is notion established by Aristotle, who scribed the relationship between the human body and the rest of reality: â€Å"the body carries in it a representation of all the most glorious and perfect works of God as being an epitome or compendium of the whole creati on†l . This idea of man as a microcosm in the grand macrocosm of the Universe is one which led to the belief that in creating architecture for the worship of God, it was only those proportions created by God himself, namely those of man, which could ever be worthy.Yet, over the course of the next millennium, a whole host of different interpretations of the human DOD were made, so that it was not a single set of ideas which became applied to architecture. To begin in antiquity, the most basic way in which the human body influenced architecture was in the creation of the classical orders. Most simply, it is understood that the form of the first Doric order derives from the warriors of King Doors in Greece, and thus displays â€Å"the proportions strength and beauty of the body of a man†.Though the intricacies of the Doric order, namely the triptychs and mottoes, are believed to originate from timber construction of the primitive hut which was then copied in stone, the mas culine, war-like associations of the order were very influential throughout antiquity, during the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance. Examples of the Doric order include the Temple of Hyphenates, Athens, mid 5th century BC, built in dedication for the blacksmith of the Gods and forger of armor, as well as Brakeman's Temperate 1502-19, for SST. Peter, 1 by G.Odds and R. Tavern, y and Building : Essays on the Changing Relation of Body and Architecture, (Cambridge, London : MIT, 2002). P. 35 the hero and martyr. The Corinthian and Ionic orders display as much human influence in their architectural forms and associations, respectively having derived from the Ionian and Corinthian peoples. Based on the more civilized Ionian women, the Ionic order expressed feminine values of a matronly figure, with the curls of hair, folds of drapery and sandals represented in the volutes, fluting and base of the column.Similarly, the Corinthian order is thought to have derived from the basketwork of a Corinthian maiden, and so portrays the slender, refined qualities of a young girl, surrounded by acanthus leaves for the capital. In his architectural reties of 1537-43, Sebastian Series states that â€Å"temples to male saints whose lives were less robust than delicate, or to females saints who led matronly lives should be Ionic.Temples to the Virgin Mary, virgins, nuns, should be Corinthian†. Thus, it is apparent how the various forms of the human body can be influence not only the physical forms of the building, but also their values and associations. Historically, it is important to note that architecture based in mathematics, meaning that to the ancients, the practice of architecture was not differentiated from that of thematic theory.This is therefore a strong argument in favor of how bodily proportions influenced classical architecture, reiterated by Vitreous who claimed that â€Å"without symmetry and proportion there can be no principles in design, that is, if ther e is no precise relation between the members, as in the case of the well-shaped man†2. Furthermore, it was the mathematician, Pythagoras (582-507 SC), who suggested that the Golden Section was based on human proportions, and therefore proving its importance in the dimensions of classical buildings.The most celebrated example of this system of proportion is the Parthenon, built on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece in the 5th century BC. Although several elements, including the dimensions of the fade, the spacing of the columns and the interior rectangular space can be seen to agree with the Golden ratio, very few scholars still believe that the Parthenon was originally intended to comply with the theory discovered by Euclid sometime after it was built. Therefore, in terms of their utilization of the Golden Section, it does not appear that the architecture of the ancient Greeks was strongly influenced by the human body.Yet, when returning to Vitreous, another example of the human b ody influencing architectural forms and writing is introduced. In Book Ill of his Ten Books of Architecture he confronts us with the fact that man, when â€Å"placed flat on his back, with his hands and feet extended, and a pair of compasses centered at his navel, the fingers and toes of his two hands and feet will touch the circumference of a circle and described therefore. And Just as the human body yields a circular outline, so too a square figure may be found from it. 3 The importance of this discovery to the scholars of antiquity, that man could fit into the two most perfect geometric units, was immense, as it was thought to reveal a fundamental truth about man and the world. In light of the earlier notion of the microcosm-macrocosm, it becomes clear why 2 Vitreous, Book Ill of his Ten Books of Architecture, quoted in R. Witter, Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism, (London : Academy Editions, 1973) 3 Vitreous, The Ten Books on Architecture, Book Ill. Architects and theorists were keen to emulate the square and circular forms, as derived from the human body, within their work. Within ancient Rome there are few centralized buildings, but any such examples prove how ideas of centralization were not only discussed in architectural writings, but were actually put into practice. The Pantheon, Rome, rebuilt during the reign of Hadrian c. 125 AD, is a primary example of the celebration of the two purest geometric and anthropomorphic forms, with the plan consisting of a circle attached to a square.The square entrance-hall, which opens onto the vast coffer dome of the interior, is one of the most technically brilliant feats of its day, as well as a huge influence to architects and writers of the true. One further example of central-planned buildings of antiquity is the Temple of Minerva Medical, of 4th century Rome between the via Albanian and the Aurelian Wall. Though it exists today as a mere ruin, its original decagon's structure and dome adhere to the geometrical recommendations of Vitreous and the ancient mathematicians, illustrating the influence of the body on architecture.The issue of centralized structures was one that preoccupied the minds of architects and theorists through the centuries, but it was not until the Renaissance, and Liberties De Re Edification off when centrally planned churches became fully established. In his stipulations for the ‘ideal church', Alberta declares that the circle is the shape most celebrated in nature, but he also advocates 8 other geometric shapes derived from the circle including the square, hexagon and decagon, and rejects the form of the basilica because of its inadequacy in comparison to the temple. Michelangelo choir for AS Annunciate, Rome 1444, is considered to be the first centralized building of the Renaissance, based on a circle with attached semi-circular chapels. Liberties San Sebastian, Mantra of 1460, however, makes use of the Greek cross plan, with 3 arms protruding from a central cross-vaulted interior space. Yet, perhaps the figure to show the greatest interest in the physical manifestation of the central plan was Brucellosis.His Old Sacristy for San Lorenz, commissioned by Giovanni did Basic De Medici, and completed in 1428, is considered â€Å"the first Renaissance space that could actually be entered†5 . The plan consists of one exact square with 3 surrounding squares a third of the size, with the overall cube being surmounted by a hemispherical dome. Similarly, Brutishness's Santa Maria dogleg Angel, 1434, has a central plan based on an octagon surrounded by 8 chapels each with rounded ends like an apse.AY these buildings, of which there are many more, make use of the central plan and thus illustrate the influence of the human body from which they were derived. Yet, it may not be the case that the architects adopted these shapes for that same reason, and it is therefore necessary to identify other factors which may have led to thei r adopting of centralization. To begin with, it is possible that characters like Brucellosis and Alberta, at the time f a thriving classical revival in Florence, were simply being influenced by the 4 R.Witter, Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism, (London : Academy Editions, 1973) p. 6 5 F. Hart, History of Italian Renaissance Art: Painting: Sculpture: Architecture. (London, 1987) prestige of centralized buildings and wanted their buildings to carry the same associations of a powerful Roman Republic. Aside from the obvious example of the Pantheon, as mentioned earlier, a further direct influence from Rome may have been the Santos Stefan Rotund which, in the sass, underwent major restoration work byReselling under Pope Nicolas V, bringing it to the attention to the likes of Alberta, Brucellosis and Michelson. Another massive influence is the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, where a circular wall encloses a ring of columns and is surmounted by a dome. Moreover, Ju st as pilgrimage buildings on the main routes to or within the Holy Land imitated elements of the sacred buildings of Jerusalem, small rotunda churches were built in Europe as satellites of more important churches being approached by pilgrims. It has therefore been suggested that Liberties SanSebastian may have been built as a â€Å"sacred station en route to Sans Andrea†6, and thus emulates the centralized plan as a reference to the affiliations to the Holy Sepulcher, and does not relate to the Vitamins man. Other issues suggest that the use of centralization does not directly bare reference the human body, particularly when acknowledging the religious focus that many churches of the Renaissance still fostered, despite being built during the flourishing of humanism. Giuliani dad Sandals S. Maria dell Career, Pratt 1485, has the plan of a Greek cross, with 4 arms Joined to the crossing and a dome suspended over the Rossini.Here, however, architectural intentions other than th ose of centralization appear to prevail, when considering the manner in which the dome doesn't touch the incommoding of the arches, the pure white walls and geometrical simplicity of the building. Overall, Giuliani dad Seasonal has created a church that is able to â€Å"evoke in the congregation a consciousness of the presence of God†7, Just as Alberta stipulated that an ideal church should have a â€Å"purifying effect and produce the state of innocence which is pleasing to God†8.In addition to the issue of centralization, the human body is represented in architecture through the proportions and mathematical ratios applied to the building. Just as Plato thought that proportion was â€Å"the bond that holds things together†9, Alberta commented in his treatise of 1450 that: â€Å"Just as the head, foot and indeed any member must correspond to teach other and to all the rest of the body in an animal, so in a building, and especially in a temple, the parts of the whole body must be composed so 6 R.Tavern, On Alberta and the Art of Building (New Haven, London : Yale University Press, cache), p. 144 7 Editions, 1973) p. 19 8 9 Ibid. P. 6 R. Paddock, Proportion : Science, Philosophy, Architecture (London : E & FAN Spoon, Bibb p. 182 that they correspond to one another†10. This idea manifests itself in the way that buildings incorporate an overall system of proportion, but more specifically, the inclusion of the â€Å"perfect' numbers, as defined by the ancients, resulting from the tradition in which architectural measurements were made using parts of the body (foot, digit, cubit and inch).It was a combination of the discovery that a man's foot is one sixth of his height, with the knowledge of the 10 digits of the human body, which deed to the numbers 6, 10, and 16 being hailed as superior to all others, and those which would allow the perfection of the human body to be mirrored in architectural expressions. Liberties fade for Santa Maria Novella, completed in 1470, displays not only the unified proportions outlined by his treatise, but the ratios of perfect numbers.The whole fade is based on the unit of a square, but crucially, the central rose window stands at a height of 36 units above the entry platform, within a fade 60 units high. This ratio of 36:60 is significant because it relates directly to the emissions of the ‘ideal man' who is 60 inches tall, with a navel 36 inches off the ground. Other references to this particular ratio based on ‘perfect' numbers as determined by the ancients include Brutishness's oratory of Santa Maria dogleg Angel, and San Sebastian, with a ratio of 6:10 for the main elements of the building such as the door, apses, portico vault and dome.It is therefore apparent that there was a strong influence of the â€Å"perfect† numbers (relating to the human body) in the Renaissance, but, as witnessed with regards to centralization, this issue does not appear significant i n the Middle Ages. Only a few examples exist, one of which is Milan Cathedral in Lombardy, Northern Italy, which was begun in 1386 under the archbishop Antonio dad Assault, and displays proportions based on the ‘perfect' numbers in the width of its nave which is divided into 6 units of 16 brachia.The use of the perfect numbers as ratios for elements of buildings appeared extensive in the Renaissance, and widespread throughout architectural theories. It is also possible, however, to identify several other systems of proportion which were equally as influential on the architecture of these years. Whilst Pythagoras identified the Golden Section and the â€Å"perfect numbers†, he also discovered how musical harmonies could be determined by measured lengths of string, and therefore how the corresponding mathematical ratios could be applied to architectural proportions.In De Re Edification, Alberta appears to be strongly influenced by these discoveries, asserting the notion o f beauty in music being paralleled in architecture, and recommending ratios based on intervals greater than an octave. Francesco did Giorgio, in his Attractor did architecture,1482, does not write explicitly on the theory of proportion in architecture, but still comments on music ratios when making recommendations for the S. Francesco Della Vagina, Venice, completed in 1534.Here he explains how the ratio of width to height of the nave should be based on the musical harmony of a 4th (ratio 3:4), and makes suggestions for the width of the chapels and transepts on similar terms. He gives no explanation for his choice of particular ratios, only stressing the view stated by Alberta that a system of proportion should be related 10 press, CACHE), p. 202 to the whole building, and that churches should reveal the â€Å"perfection of the divine Ewing itself†1 1.In addition to musical ratios, another system of proportion that stands in competition with that based on the human body (name ly ‘perfect' numbers) is the notion of sacred geometry. This system particularly arises during the Renaissance, and is identifiable again with the example of Brutishness's Old Sacristy for San Lorenz, where the 3 arched windows are said to allude to the trinity, the four walls of the cube denote the evangelists, and the 12 ribs of the dome stand as a symbol for the apostles.One final and major way in which the human body influenced architecture is that of the orders. Having established counter-arguments regarding the physical properties of buildings, it is necessary to incorporate social issues into the debate. Although the ancient texts explained the importance of using human proportion in buildings, and the various ways in which they manifest themselves, this does not mean that subsequent theorists and architects were equally as influenced by these theories.Instead, when identifying the similarities between treatises on architecture, it may be that writers were influenced by the authority of previous writers, and not specifically the content of their writing. Furthermore, when comparing, for example, Alberta and Francesco did Giorgio, writing respectively in 1450 and 1482, it is crucial to note differences in their personalities, activities and educational background which will have influenced their work.This point of social and historical context is clarified by Alberta himself who said that: â€Å"the greatest Joy in the art of building is to have a good sense of what is appropriate†12, whilst Filtrate's work of 1465, â€Å"can be seen as an explicit historical document, albeit of arduous interpretation†13. The varied and extensive influence of the human body on architectural forms and rating have been discussed with reference to the classical orders, geometric shapes, proportions, ratios and measuring systems.However, whilst all these influences are apparent, it is necessary to question the extent to which these ideas, originally found ed in the human body, were used deliberately, or whether the architectural forms in which they manifested themselves were imitated for their own sake. Likewise, it is also possible to identify other influences and issues concerning the context and individuality of the artist which suggest the human body was rarely of he greatest influence.

As people grow older, they need to renegotiate their sense of identity and belonging Essay

Everyone has struggled with their identity and belonging during a chapter of their life. There comes a time when our opinions and beliefs begin to differentiate from those around us. During this time, some people may discover where they belong, whereas many others do not. It is not solely one stage of our lives when we are confronted with an identity crisis, but a continuous challenge throughout our lives as we encounter new experiences that will alter our thoughts, emotions and perspective on ourselves. Most of us are following the â€Å"norms†, society expectations but deep down inside, we desire for freedom. Society only gives us a narrow time, a â€Å"window†, between school and marriage to be whomever we want without the judgement of society. This window is the only time that we can have a †good time† like getting drunk, travel, stay out late, do silly things yet nobody would criticise. However, since the window is pretty narrow, many people tends to stretch it so they can fully enjoy themselves. For school-leavers like us, we would like to taste that sense of freedom as soon as possible and as long as possible. Not many of us would actually thinking about settling down at this moment since we are young. Out there in the world, many interesting new things are inviting us to try and take on the challenges. We are like Bubba, young and energetic, new to the world and society doesn’t expect much of us yet. However, human beings are not eternally immutable, we change ourselves, our identity and sense of belonging gradually. There’s certainly a time when we feel so lonely, distanced and disconnected even though there’s a crowd of people around, people that we know. That’s when we should think to ourselves, who am I really and where do I belong? After enjoying freedom for so long, we could be bored and lost because we are living without a purpose, a plan for the future. We would begin to yearn for a lifelong companionship, fulltime commitment from someone, we can’t stand being alone for the rest of our lives in some vague, unstable relationships that can break at any moment. We need something new and more exciting than what we already experienced. A solitary is an unfulfilling life to us, we want love, affections and devotion so that our lives can be fulfilled. As we grow older, we would stop being immature, selfish and solo as part of our â€Å"growing up†. Though we would like to stretch our â€Å"window†, society does expect us to grow after certain age. We are expected to reproduce ourselves by having a family, taking up the responsibilities, pass on our beliefs to the younger generation. Reproduction is that we can start all over again, that’s why life is a cycle, repetitively, and many would follow. In each and every one of us, the biological urge or clock would start to alarm as we grow older. Desire for a family with children would naturally come for most people, then they would seek to settle down. Nancy had enough of the lay-off, after sixteen years without any assurance, she had renegotiated with herself to discontinue. She wanted to have a family, a stable relationship, since Barney couldn’t give her that, she left and married to start a family life. She was not young any more but it was not too late, at least she realised that the lay-off wasn’t working for her and she found a solution that she was comfortable with. However, there’re a few people who think differently. They are afraid of losing their freedom as they are lost in their own fantasy that they are young and free forever. Marriage certainly limits one’s freedom that to some people, it’s a chain, an imprisonment for life that they don’t ever want to be bind in. They love their liberty even though they are aging, they don’t have a slight idea of changing their lifestyle. They don’t want to grow up even if they are growing old. In society’s eye, they are the odd ones, the ones that defy the â€Å"norms†, the bad omens. Olive is the representative of these people, she detest matrimony and any permanent attachment. However, she ignored reality of her aging and the repetitive of the lay-off was wearing everybody out. The freshness, excitements and funs were gone long ago but she turned a blind eye to it, believing it would last forever. Only if she renegotiate with herself earlier, reality wouldn’t struck her as hard and she would understand why Roo proposed to her. At some point in life, we must reconsider of our sense of identity and belonging so that its suit our situations. We are not ever-changing but we can’t be the same forever, we need to change gradually to adapt to the changing world just like how the Earth revolves around the sun. It spins but we don’t feel it. People change overtime but we don’t really see unless it’s a dramatic change. As we grow older, we encounter more crises which influence our sense of identity and belonging. We would be wiser than before as we learn from our mistakes.

3 Idiots Essay Essay Example

3 Idiots Essay Essay Example 3 Idiots Essay Essay 3 Idiots Essay Essay 3 Idiots is a Bollywood movie that released worldwide on 25th December 2009. It was produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra and directed by Rajkumar Hirani. The movie has three histrions playing the lead functions. hence the movie is named 3 Idiots. The three lead histrions are: Aamir Khan. Sharman Joshi and R Madhavan. These three are the superb pupils of their several high schools. While Boman Irani portrays the function of the college manager of the college which these three pupils join after graduating from their high schools. Besides. there is a little function played by Kareena Kapoor. She is the taking lady of the movie and plays the function of the director’s girl. The movie displays the importance of acquisition and instruction in our lives. The movie trades with the instruction system in India and how the pupils are unable to get by up to the force per unit area because of the inordinate sums of tests and assignments. 3 Idiots is a narrative of three bright pupils who have acquired a GPA of 10. 00 ( on a graduated table of 10. 00 ) in their high schools. They enter the most esteemed college for technology in India: The Imperial College of Engineering. Rancho is a character played by Aamir Khan. He loves machines and that is the ground he wants to prosecute mechanical technology. Raju. the character played by Sharman Joshi doesn’t unrecorded life to the fullest. He is scared of the assignments and tests. He wants to work really difficult and acquire a good occupation as he comes from a hapless household and he is the merely 1 to back up his household. Farhan is the name of the character played by R Madhavan. Farhan wants to be a wildlif e lensman but he joins the college of technology because his male parent wants him to be a mechanical technology as he has really good classs in his school. While Viru Sahastrabuddhe is the manager of the college which is played by Boman Irani. Viru is a really rigorous professor and maintains his force per unit area upon his pupils. There is an incident in the movie which shows that a pupil commits suicide because he doesn’t supply sufficient clip to him for finishing the undertaking. The pupils are unable to take such force per unit area and they believe that it’s clip for them to stop their life. This is a true state of affairs and such force per unit area exists in most of the colleges in India. Rancho loves technology so he doesn’t have jobs with the tests and assignments. While Raju and Farhan are unable to acquire good classs as they feel the force per unit area of the instruction system. Rancho asks Farhan to alter his field of survey from technology to wildlife picture taking as Farhan ever wanted to go a wildlife lensman. He advises Raju to set away his fright and it would assist him to win in his test. In the 3rd twelvemonth of technology recruiters hire pupils. Viru says that Raju and Farhan would merely be able to acquire the occupations merely when they pass with good classs in the concluding test. To intentionally neglect them he sets the paper himself. increasing the trouble degree. Viru’s girl Pia comes to cognize about this. s o she informs Rancho. Rancho tries to steal the paper and is caught by the manager. He decided to rusticate all the three for their act. Pia informs his male parent about the existent ground that took her brother’s life. Viru thought that his boy had died in a auto accident but subsequently he comes to cognize that he committed suicide as he didn’t want to prosecute technology. He was forced by his male parent to go an applied scientist while he wanted to analyze literature. This is the ground why he committed self-destruction. Knowing this truth he decides non to rusticate the three pupils. This movie is based on a novel by Chetan Bhagat titled Five Point Someone- What Not To Make At IIT. Bhagat’s novel besides involves the same three lead characters but with different names. The rubric of the fresh â€Å"Five Point Someone† is based on the five point graduated table which is used to cipher the GPA at the Indian Institute of Technology. Chetan Bhagat is being regarded as the ‘biggest selling English writer in India’s history ’ ( Chandrakar ) . Chetan Bhagat feels really proud that his book and his message have received a wider audience because of the movie. Peoples presents are less likely to read a book. So. the message of the writer is spread throughout the universe where the movie would be released. Chetan Bhagat is a outstanding Indian author who has written several other bestselling novels such as 2 States. One Night at a Call Center and 3 Mistakes of My Life. All of these are being made into different films. The movie 3 Idiots finely portrays the instruction system of India by demoing precisely what happens with the pupils of a peculiar technology college. Students have to get by up with high sums of force per unit area to go through the test. Committing self-destruction is non a solution to the job. but contending against the system to better it can work out the job to a certain extent. This movie shows that Rancho argues with the manager to do him understand that the manner of instruction is wrong and he blames the system for this. During an academic twelvemonth pupils have several tests to take which involves huge course of studies and besides undertakings need to be completed within a short span of clip. The movie besides motivates people to analyze what they like and non what their parents would inquire them to. The manager of the movie makes an attempt to expose the critical status of the instruction system of India in the signifier of a superb film which is entertaining and besides sends an of import message out to the viewing audiences.

Free Essays on Losing Samantha; Gaining Compassion

were like ice that sent an uninterrupted chill down my spine. â€Å"Samantha has a large tumor on her back.† My knees went weak. I understood from those past two minutes that my life was about to change forever. The news about my 12 year old sister broke out into the small 1500 population town within the hour my dad spoke it. Everyone came together suddenly to organize fundraisers to help out our family with the outrageous bills that were soon to come. The young people from every church made plans for a prayer breakfast in honor of Samantha. Each church had their young people say a prayer, sing a song, or give a small presentation about my sister. Samantha’s dad, Brian, called my dad one day with encouraging news. â€Å"My friends are putting together a festival in honor of Samantha.† I thought this was very generous because he was going through the same situation we were. Ladies from the church my dad pastors came up with the idea of selling barbeque dinners and bake sales. They put their minds to work right away. They labored for hours in taking orders, donations, and preparing the food. I had no idea the people that lived in that miniature town could be so concer ned about my little sister and her family. It seems everyone understood what we were going through and helped us ... Free Essays on Losing Samantha; Gaining Compassion Free Essays on Losing Samantha; Gaining Compassion Losing Samantha; Gaining Compassion October 3, 2000 seemed just like any other Monday. I was working at Brown’s, an independently owned grocery store. My dad came in with Shelby and Colton, my youngest sister and brother, earlier than he usually did on a school day. He approached my register with a somber expression on his face that will never be forgotten. Samantha, my other sister who was also younger than me, had been complaining of backaches and had been visiting hospitals and doctors habitually. An uneasy reaction inside told me the news he was about to share with me pertained to her and was not going to be enjoyable. His words were like ice that sent an uninterrupted chill down my spine. â€Å"Samantha has a large tumor on her back.† My knees went weak. I understood from those past two minutes that my life was about to change forever. The news about my 12 year old sister broke out into the small 1500 population town within the hour my dad spoke it. Everyone came together suddenly to organize fundraisers to help out our family with the outrageous bills that were soon to come. The young people from every church made plans for a prayer breakfast in honor of Samantha. Each church had their young people say a prayer, sing a song, or give a small presentation about my sister. Samantha’s dad, Brian, called my dad one day with encouraging news. â€Å"My friends are putting together a festival in honor of Samantha.† I thought this was very generous because he was going through the same situation we were. Ladies from the church my dad pastors came up with the idea of selling barbeque dinners and bake sales. They put their minds to work right away. They labored for hours in taking orders, donations, and preparing the food. I had no idea the people that lived in that miniature town could be so concer ned about my little sister and her family. It seems everyone understood what we were going through and helped us ...

5 Reasons Teaching Might Not Be For You

5 Reasons Teaching Might Not Be For You Teaching can be immensely fulfilling work. The idea of shaping young minds and guiding kids toward their own futures (not to mention having summers off) leads a lot of people into the teaching field. However, not everyone is cut out for this kind of work. The last thing you want is to discover that you aren’t up to the task while standing in front of a class your first day on the job. It’s best to decide whether or not you’re teacher material before even pursuing a degree in education. Here are 5 issues that may make you decide that teaching is not for you.1. You’re not adaptable.One plus one will always equal two. The alphabet will always start with A and end with Z. World War II will always begin in 1939. The information you teach may never change, but the way you teach it certainly will. Perhaps your particular administration will demand you rewrite that lesson plan you submitted or the school’s curriculum has changed. Perhaps what works for a cl ass of well-behaved students will not work for an unruly one. A teacher must be able to adapt to any number of predictable and unpredictable situations. If you don’t think you’re sufficiently flexible, then teaching probably isn’t for you.2. You don’t like homework.Your students won’t be the only ones who’ll have tons of homework. A teacher’s workday rarely ends at the sound of the bell. There will be papers and tests to grade and lesson plans to prepare. Excited to have your summers off? Well, don’t get too excited, because your summers will be spent doing professional development work and getting ready for the next school year.3. You are not 100% comfortable with kids.As they say, kids can be cruel. And they don’t just pick on each other. Students may have it in for their teachers as well, and the monkey-see-monkey-do nature of the classroom may lead good kids to mimic the behavior of the bad ones. Before you know it, your class is out of control and it’s your job to rein it in. Some people have an innate ability to do this. They are natural-born teachers. However, if the thought of playing zookeeper to a room full of squealing, nasty (and perhaps even insulting) young people sounds terrible to you, you may want to choose another career path.4. You want to get rich.Do you want to make loads of money? Well, you aren’t going to get rich as a teacher. The average starting salary of a teacher in the U.S. is just $36,000, and teachers can spend hundreds of out-of-pocket dollars on class supplies. That isn’t to say that the job is not rewarding in countless other ways, or that the worth of a job is measured by the amount of a paycheck, but if making bank is your ultimate goal you’ll unfortunately have to look elsewhere.5. You can’t deal with parents.Maybe you love the kids†¦ but the parents? Not so much. This can be a real problem, since a teacher’s job of ten involves managing parents. When it comes to their children’s educations, parents can get pretty emotional or downright out of control. You might have a mom yelling at you or a dad breaking down in tears. Upping the â€Å"ick factor,† a parent might even hit on you. Such situations are tricky to navigate, and you never want to blame the student for a parent’s inappropriate behavior. If you become a teacher because you think kids are a dream and adults are a nightmare, you might be in for an unpleasant surprise when you have to deal with both on a regular basis.

Special Needs Students Accessing the General Education Curriculum Essay

Special Needs Students Accessing the General Education Curriculum - Essay Example The special need program encompasses the most efficient arrangements aimed at ensuring education standards of the highest order are accessed by these students. These arrangements includes teaching procedures that are special in nature, unique areas and scope of teaching as well as any other teaching resources that can be uniquely attributed needed to execute this special program. The special needs entailed may be subsequent from certain bodily conditions, which includes; being physically disabled, challenges in learning and problems related to communication among others (Karger, 2010). The special needs are identifiable if such aspects as medical history concerning a specific student’s special need and assessments as well as observable features as detailed by the teacher are put into consideration. As such, the factors result to the student with the special need to lack both the ability as well as the capacity to learn in traditional schools and therefore, it is necessary that the special program was established. These special need programs of education are usually customized such that each student’s need is catered for irrespective of the degree of the need (Karger, 2010). Thesis Statement The purpose of this paper is to access the benefits, the pitfalls as well as the challenges that a student with special needs face while accessing the general education set up. Benefits In most cases, these students are usually given a special kind of training to facilitate the preparedness to civilian life, that is, life after school. Usually, civilian life does not encompass special programs to individuals who do not live a normal life (Koga &Tracey, 2010). As such, it is essential that the students with special needs to be offered a chance in the traditional education curriculum, which is inclusive. This will in turn help them to learn methods by which they can facilitate their survival concerning the society, which is inclusive. It is held that every studen t regardless of having a disability of or not, must pass through formal education so that they can in future be able to live a sustained life, for themselves as well as for their families (Koga &Tracey, 2010). In addition, the presence of special needs students in the general education curriculum ensures that other students as well as the society learn to respect the disabled and therefore developing positive attitudes towards them. Such would not be if the students with special needs were put under an isolated learning program delivered through a special need facility. As such, they would be looked down upon and thereby undermining the potential of the special needs students. If there were interactions between the normal students and the students with special needs, then this case would not be. Both the special need and the normal students will at one point in life come to meet, since they will not be isolated forever, and as such, the negative intrinsic attitude will continue its domination and hence unethical and unconstructive society (Vaughn & Fuchs, 2012). When a special need student is allowed to access the general education curriculum, then interactions will be inevitable. Consequently, the enthusiasm level in the students with special needs will be high and as a result, they will become motivated to put aside their inferiority complex due to their bodily states and develop a life just like the normal student

Gender differences in Business Leadership Style Thesis

Gender differences in Business Leadership Style - Thesis Example This makes them better communicators, more sensitive to other peoples feelings, while their verbal fluency makes them better able to communicate speak well and influence others. Differences in leadership styles: Leadership has traditionally been associated with management, but this may not necessarily represent an accurate view because managers think incrementally while leaders think radically. Moreover, leadership involves a transformation in individuals, according to Spencer, â€Å"â€Å"transformational leadership is a process that changes and transforms individuals†. (Spencer 1). According to Warren Benis, leaders are â€Å"able to express themselves fully. They also know what they want', why they want it, and how to communicate what they want to others, in order to gain their co-operation and support. Lastly, ‘they know how to achieve their goals†. (Bennis 1998: 3). As detailed further below, the brain structure in women which provides them more communicativ e ability may be more conducive to transformational leadership. Three different leadership and decision making styles have been identified, namely (a) authoritarian (b) democratic and (c) bureaucratic, based upon decision making patterns of the leader(Burns, 1977). When the leadership style is authoritarian or autocratic, then the leader seeks to retain as much of the decision making power as possible, exercises authority and control and retains the responsibility for decisions (Burns, 1997). The advantages of this leadership style are faster decision making and a work group that functions in a structured manner. The disadvantages however, are that team members may not respond well to being ordered around or may become too dependent on the... Leadership has traditionally been associated with management, but this may not necessarily represent an accurate view because managers think incrementally while leaders think radically. Moreover, leadership involves a transformation in individuals, according to Spencer, â€Å"â€Å"transformational leadership is a process that changes and transforms individuals†. (Spencer 1). According to Warren Benis, leaders are â€Å"able to express themselves fully. They also know what they want', why they want it, and how to communicate what they want to others, in order to gain their co-operation and support. Lastly, ‘they know how to achieve their goals†. (Bennis 1998: 3). As detailed further below, the brain structure in women which provides them more communicative ability may be more conducive to transformational leadership. Three different leadership and decision making styles have been identified, namely (a) authoritarian (b) democratic and (c) bureaucratic, based upon decision making patterns of the leader(Burns, 1977). When the leadership style is authoritarian or autocratic, then the leader seeks to retain as much of the decision making power as possible, exercises authority and control and retains the responsibility for decisions (Burns, 1997). The advantages of this leadership style are faster decision making and a work group that functions in a structured manner. The disadvantages however, are that team members may not respond well to being ordered around or may become too dependent on the leader and helpless to function in an emergency.

Political Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Political Science - Assignment Example According to Putnam (2000), both political and social trust is crucial in success of any government. In the US, mistrust in the government has led to poor functioning of the government institutions like the timely delivery of public services. In return, this has influenced the behaviour of individuals in supporting the policies. For instance, during Vietnam War majority of citizens were in support of military quitting the fight which was a disappointment to the government. The issue of global inequality is argued differently by both the realists and liberalists. According to the realists, there is no moral universality between first and second-tier states. Also, nothing should be hidden to any country that is in objective of its heed (Ayoob, 2002). This means that countries are not obligated to help those in need unless they will benefit in return. However, liberals are committed to creating a selfless society, whereby there is a balance of fundamental liberty values (Kegley & Blanton, 2012). Also, liberalism rejects the enslaving of the poor states by the developed ones and it aims at dispersing power and fostering diversity globally. Global inequality will become an important issue to realists when they realize that globalisation is the only way to development. Realists should realize that individualism does not create any cohesion among nations but rather creates hostility. Therefore, realists should shun their selfish nature and assist the needy

Pick the film Gone Baby Gone or Sleepers. Judge (moral or immoral) the Essay

Pick the film Gone Baby Gone or Sleepers. Judge (moral or immoral) the main action (ONE single main action) of the film . Support your position by using Kant's moral philosophy - Essay Example Gone, Baby, Gone is a film directed by Ben Affleck which follows the case of a kidnapped girl, Amanda, whose family approaches the Boston-based private investigator, Patrick Kenzie, to follow up the case. Patrick, along with his partner, Angie Gennaro, discovers the perplexing and highly complex web of corruption as they go about investigating upon the case. As the case progresses along the length of the film, the lines between good and bad are nearly blurred due to interest and mysterious motives. Based on Kant’s moral philosophy, Amanda’s uncle was motivated by greed and a dishonest intention of freeing Amanda from her failing parents. Although the consequences would have been good for Amanda as well as her aunt, the action was immoral due to its immoral motives. As Patrick uncovers the corruption embedded in the case, it becomes clear that Amanda’s aunt and uncle are immoral. Their scheme to free Amanda from her neglectful parents would have had a good consequence as the girl would have escaped her parents’ neglect and would have come under the care of more responsible guardians. However, Kant’s theory of morality depends not on the consequence but on the motive which had undoubtedly been immoral and treacherous. Through a well-planned plot, her uncle was able to stage Amanda abduction and then approach Patrick for a fake investigation. Amanda’s uncle had been aiming to cleverly fool the investigators and obtain the traded drug money by involving many of the investigation police officials. In fact, man personnel from the police department had been involved including Captain Doyle who had hidden Amanda in his house along with his wife. The kidnap had been attempted with great planning and dishonest motive which in volved immense corruption from the reputed police department of Boston. Therefore, all the individuals involved in the staged kidnapping of Amanda had a bad motive for their immoral action. The

Business submission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business submission - Essay Example ch activities include; shifting manufacturing techniques or method, adopting new, better input materials, re-utilizing materials on site, and adoption of new product changes as well. Note that this has no exclusion to other firms under the same industry (Leipziger 2010). Precautionary approach to environmental challenges on the other hand involves organized use of risk assessment through identification of hazardous features or characteristics, management, as well as risk communication. This is based on the degree of certainty as shown by scientific evaluation techniques which must be conducted prior. Under this principle, the following activities by the organization in question (Microsoft) and its competitors have been witnessed. Provision of better information to the clients, communicating possible risk to the customers, the surroundings, or even the public and obtaining prior permission before certain commodities, are thought to be potentially harmful (Akhtarkhavari 2010). My position is to encourage these organizations to continue with such practices since they are essential in the compliance with the two principles of Global Compact. Despite the fact that the above business practices aim at compliance with the two principles I mentioned earlier, they also come with little side effects which we must agree to take charge of. To begin with, there are positive lessons learnt from the activities of Microsoft as it aims to comply with the two principles under the Global Compact. These include; the implementation of environmental friendly technologies that help in reduction on the use of raw materials, which in turn result into increased efficiency. Secondly, innovations pertaining to technology create a new whole world of more superior business opportunities which in turn helps the business to remain or win competitive advantage over others in the same industry. Furthermore, such technologies that use input materials more efficiently and even cleanly may be applied

Pick the film Gone Baby Gone or Sleepers. Judge (moral or immoral) the Essay

Pick the film Gone Baby Gone or Sleepers. Judge (moral or immoral) the main action (ONE single main action) of the film . Support your position by using Kant's moral philosophy - Essay Example Gone, Baby, Gone is a film directed by Ben Affleck which follows the case of a kidnapped girl, Amanda, whose family approaches the Boston-based private investigator, Patrick Kenzie, to follow up the case. Patrick, along with his partner, Angie Gennaro, discovers the perplexing and highly complex web of corruption as they go about investigating upon the case. As the case progresses along the length of the film, the lines between good and bad are nearly blurred due to interest and mysterious motives. Based on Kant’s moral philosophy, Amanda’s uncle was motivated by greed and a dishonest intention of freeing Amanda from her failing parents. Although the consequences would have been good for Amanda as well as her aunt, the action was immoral due to its immoral motives. As Patrick uncovers the corruption embedded in the case, it becomes clear that Amanda’s aunt and uncle are immoral. Their scheme to free Amanda from her neglectful parents would have had a good consequence as the girl would have escaped her parents’ neglect and would have come under the care of more responsible guardians. However, Kant’s theory of morality depends not on the consequence but on the motive which had undoubtedly been immoral and treacherous. Through a well-planned plot, her uncle was able to stage Amanda abduction and then approach Patrick for a fake investigation. Amanda’s uncle had been aiming to cleverly fool the investigators and obtain the traded drug money by involving many of the investigation police officials. In fact, man personnel from the police department had been involved including Captain Doyle who had hidden Amanda in his house along with his wife. The kidnap had been attempted with great planning and dishonest motive which in volved immense corruption from the reputed police department of Boston. Therefore, all the individuals involved in the staged kidnapping of Amanda had a bad motive for their immoral action. The

Discuss the significance of the media in shaping values and practices Essay

Discuss the significance of the media in shaping values and practices in contemprary societies - Essay Example Forms. There are different forms of media including analog and digital media, which are both equally prominent in the lives of people around the world. Media is understood to include the radio, film, television, video, newspapers, magazines, radio, films, compact discs, current affairs programs and advertising - all of which are considered in relation to media audiences. In the rise of technology, the Internet has highly become an addition to these media. Media may inform us and alert us about current events and other important information. However, media may conceal deception. This indicates that although media is intended for something positive as in providing unbiased data to the public, it can be unreliable at times. When a medium is intentionally partial to one side or deletes some details of a story, the intention of that medium is dubious. On this score, media can shape values and practices in contemporary societies positively or negatively. This significant role of media can best be understood not only in relation to our daily lives but also within the context of larger social forces such as the economy, politics and technological development (Alexander & Hanson, 1999). Characteristics. One way to understand media is to look at its certain qualities that must be taken into consideration as either positive or negative. As Pungente (1989) characterizes media, they primarily present carefully crafted constructions that are the result of many factors. For example, in the making of news, there are principles to follow and there are structures that must be adhered to. Yet, there are the factors that help shape them like ownership and control of the medium. News must be constructed and presented in such a way that it will not hurt the owners’ interests. It is the same with advertising and all the other presentations, where care and timing are considered, yet effects and impacts on the audience are equally studied - again based

Financial managment Essay Example for Free

Financial managment Essay Education  in Pakistan KoolFree. Education  is only the weapon by which one can fight and conquer the battle of life. Theeducation  has been a very essential part of the different civilization of the   5. Education  problem in Pakistan  Essay  | Study Aim www. studyaim. com/2014/01/15/education-problem-in-pakistan-essay/? Jan 15, 2014   Education  problem in Pakistan  Essay. Here we discuss about the problem  education  system in pakistan so all viewers read  essay  with. Essay on Education  in Pakistan | Pacans Online – A Free   ww. pacansonline. com/content/essay-on-education-in-pakistan/? Jul 19, 2013   Education  is a fundamental human right. Pakistan is among those developing countries where people are mostly deprived of good quality   7. Why Is  Education  so Important  Essay   Ask. com www. ask. com †ºÃ‚  QA  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚  Society  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚  Other? Writing an  essay  on the importance of  education  for all is a great topic. Include statistics about drop out rates and the unemployment problem. Essay on education  system in Pakistan | Pacans – IELTS Lahore www. pacans. om/ essays essays/essay-on-education-system-in-pakista? Dec 5, 2013   Essay on education  system in Pakistan. The education system in Pakistan is not very good. It needs a lot of financial resources to establish so   9. Education  system in Pakistan –  Essay   Notes of life www. aamirilyas. com/education-system-in-pakistan-essay/? by Aamir Ilyas  Ã‚  in 52 Google+ circles Aug 24, 2012   An  essay on education  system in Pakistan, levels and types of education and educational institutions. English medium, run by education   10. Education essay   College  Essays   Tmjohnson04 StudyMode. com www. studymode. com †ºÃ‚  Home  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚  Education? Rating: 4. 5 ? 2 votes Tabitha Johnson Professor Penner English 1551. February 21, 2011. Education EssayEveryone would agree that  education  is a fundamental way of life. Searches related to  essay on education essay on  importance of  education short  essay on education essay on education  is the key to success what is  education importance of  education essay on education  system quotes  on education essay on  terrorism.

The suzlon energy

The suzlon energy Suzlon Energy is a leading name in the world of energy sector, company having a 14000 employee operating in the 21 countries. Company operations in the Asia, Americas, Australia and Europe. In terms of manufacturing company have manufacturing operation in three Continents. The research and development is set-up in the Denmark, Germany, India and Netherlands. Suzlon is market leader in the Asia and 3rd largest wind tower manufacturer in the whole world. The share market prices have grown 12.3% which give a new direction to the company to reach on 3rd position in the world among the energy sector. Reason to Choose Suzlon Energy The reason to choose Suzlon Energy is that it is the leading company in energy sector. Its policies have helped the company to become a key player in the energy sector. The philosophical and strategic are the main reasons that reflect the Suzlons identity. These factors are discussed in detail below: Suzlon ethics and beliefs As a company it contributes to the society a sustainable wind-energy on a commercial scale with focusing to increase efficiency and reliability to produce better wind energy. Suzlons strategy is always focused on good relations with their customers, which ultimately results in total customer satisfaction (Suzlon, 2009). This will help Suzlon energy to maintain their market share in the energy sector and will provide it the long term sustainability. Furthermore, Suzlon also focused on standards related to quality, they believe in better quality by maintaining safety on work place. And they consider environmental factors for local community and whole society. The most important philosophy is to build relationship with internal and external parties, and Suzlon is focus to maintain relationship with their shareholders, their employee, suppliers and service provider, government, local community and the most useful their customer. As per the company philosophy this is imperative to maintain relation to all this parties and thats what Suzlon does (Suzlon, 2009). To contribute the society a healthy energy, Suzlon stand forward, they produce wind energy which is environment free and they not use any fuel to produce the energy, on that way its not west other resources in their operation. Strategic factors of Suzlon Turnkey Solutions The main factors of the Suzlon are to offer clients range from development, in construction. The supply chain system of the manufacturing process and the strength of this chain give global identification among the customers and they provide best quality services to their customer. The Suzlon is the best to help the clients in overall wind power project delivery. Vertical Integration The no of industries supply chain identify the critical The Wind Industrys supply chain experiences the critical blockage of a long production lead time for key components such as Bearings, Gearboxes, Forging materials etc. However, Suzlon has got the critical competitive advantage such as., Suzlon focused o time and cost and concentrate on better quality. Company provide long term support to their customer after delivery. They make combination in the turbine technology. Easiest production system and work devision. Global Integration The growth of Suzlon Energy can be classified with reference to its global integration, Company has global experience and a talent capital to run their operation in the 23 nation which gives the company to talent workforce. Conclusion: It can be seen from the sources that the overall strategy of the Suzlon leads to the company towards the overall development. Apart from this the company has global reputation in the energy sector working globally, these key factor attract to choose the Suzlon to write this topic. Who are the major stakeholders of the organization and what consideration should be made to insure their (stakeholder) participation in developing management strategy? Introduction: in any limited organization the stakeholders play an important role, because stake holders are the key elements of any organization. There are two types of stakeholders, internal and external, both play an important role to achieve strategic goal of an organization. Definition An individual or group with an interest in the success of an organization in delivering intended results and maintaining the viability of the organizations products and services. Stakeholders influence programs, products, and services. (Online) Stakeholders of Suzlon Energy: Suzlon stakeholders are divided in two parts, Indian stakeholders and foreign stakeholders. Indian Stakeholders promoters groups Individual Hindu undivided family:- this category of share holder is the major stakeholders of the Suzlon energy which have 43% of total share of the company. Bodies Corporation is the second stake holders of the company 6 corporation bodies have 9.50% of share out of total share. There is no any foreign institution or individual are involved in the company stake. Public Shareholding In public shareholding Mutual Fund (UTI) is the major stakeholder of the company who has 6.44% of share out of total. Financial bake institute is the second investor of the Suzlon share which is 0.63%. Some foreign institution has invested about 235783372 which are 15% of total. Stakeholders participation in developing management strategy In any organization, stakeholders play an important role. The activities of the business affected by the stakeholder, they are directly or indirectly interested in the business, and they remain in connection with business constantly. In Suzlon Energy stake holders play an important role to develop management strategy. Company responsibility towards the stakeholders Shareholders: Shareholders are the main investors of the company, they invest the money in the company for good return, so the company strategy should be relevant to make good profit and development, and if company make more profit then shareholders also gain good rewards. To give good return on the investment company should have good management strategy. Management and employees: management and employee the important capital of the organization, the success of the business is depend on the management and employee because they run the company effectively so there is company responsibility towards their employee to pay fare remuneration and make good working condition. Customers and suppliers Customer and supplier are the key stakeholders of the Suzlon Energy, company responsibility is to solve the customer problem and provide good services, apart from this they should encourage customer to increase the selling by providing fair prices and qualitative product. On other side company have to build long term relationship with their suppliers by encouraging them by introducing JIT (just in time production system). Banks and other financial organisations By encouraging banks and other financial organization to provide enough fund as and when required by the company on good terms but it is possible when company develop good business strategy. Government By following the government rules and regulation, and taking part in various government schemes to take advantages of subsidies and relief. Local community For local community development Suzlon Foundation organization develop several projects for the local community development. To encourage the surrounding community company built schools and colleges for education development. Suzlon foundation also organizes some health awareness programme for the surrounding community area. Introduction Strategy is the long term planning which direct to the organization towards the achieving the goal. In this competitive market good strategic planning help the organization to develop their resources and help to meet the market needs, finally good strategy also fulfil the expectation of the stakeholder. Definition:- According to Johnson Scholes Strategy is the route and scope of an organisation over the long-term, which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Strategy development to resolve an issue. Corporate-Level Strategy of Suzlon Energy Corporate level strategy of Suzlon Energy cover main five area which are, growth, stability, endgame, defensive, and combination strategies. Company examine the process of evaluating and choosing from the various strategic alternatives. Generic Business Unit Strategies The common business unit strategies is examines the important issue of how a firm rival in this business. This kind of strategies is most appropriate for business units, which is connected with cost leadership, differentiation and focus. This chapter also reviews the importance of technology in shaping competitive in and industry. In the concluding section, it is re-evaluate the progress of the strategy unit towards developing a right dynamic theory of strategy. Functional Strategy Deals with the strategic decisions made within each of the business functions used to complement and support the competitive advantages sought by the business level strategy. This chapter examines functional strategies in the areas of purchasing and materials management, production/operations, marketing, finance, research and development, human resource, and information systems. Then, the ways in which these functional strategies can be integrated and analyzed. Required resources for strategic development Introduction Ethical, social and cultural are the major responsibility of any organization towards the society, these all objective create a good impact on the organization. Suzlon Foundation leads corporate social responsibility initiatives for Suzlon group of companies. Suzlon is committed to practice sustainable development for Powering a Greener Tomorrow. The Foundation will ensure that business policies and practices support sustainability as its guiding principle. Suzlon Foundation is registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act. Work culture at Suzlon The work culture at Suzlon hinges on the three pillars of corporate values, brand core and philosophy of global assimilation. Agility, creativity, adding value, commitment and integrity are the base values of Suzlons work culture. Inducting people into Suzlons brand core of sustainable development is a process that involves imbibing these values and blending the best qualities of the individual with those of the organization. Suzlons 14,000 employees have helped raise the performance bar in professionalism, opportunity, responsibility, belongingness and accomplishment. With our vision cast high and focus on our people, we offer a truly global exposure with more than 1000 clients worldwide and projects from The Americas to Asia, Europe to Asia Pacific. Suzlon has leveraged the rich operational experience of the worlds finest wind power technology to industriously harness an individual towards a powerful greener tomorrow. Social objectives of the Suzlon At Suzlon, the Corporate Social Responsibility division ensures that all stakeholders are involved through workshops, consultations and written communications. The Foundation disseminates information, sensitizes, initiates dialogues, and solicits stakeholder involvement in evolving a culture of sustainable development within and around the Company. There are some social objectives taken care by the Suzlon Energy is as follows Community welfare : for the local community development Suzlon developed many programmes like., education, healthcare programme, environment awareness and Provide Employment: the next social responsibility of the Suzlon is to provide employment and create more employment opportunity to cope with unemployment. Environment culture of Suzlon All large corporations have an impact on the resources surrounding it. In the past years environmental degradation in industrialized areas has been very evident. This is why Suzlon Foundation, has identified the environment as one of the key areas of activities. Suzlon Energy environmental initiatives also enable them to work towards the 7th Millennium Development Goal Ensuring Environmental Sustainability. Transformative programme aimed to continual improvement in business practices and procedures, so that there is minimal harm to the natural, social, human, physical and financial resources around it. Responsive programme aims to offset (even-potentially) negative impact and optimise the positive impact of business on its surroundings. Proactive programmes aims to contribute towards addressing global development issues and sustainability by going beyond business boundaries. How this factors affected by the current business and economical climate Social how consumers, households and communities behave and their beliefs. For instance, changes in attitude towards health, or a greater number of pensioners in a population. Legal the way in which legislation in society affects the business. E.g. changes in employment laws on working hours. Economic how the economy affects a business in terms of taxation, government spending, general demand, interest rates, exchange rates and European and global economic factors. Political how changes in government policy might affect the business e.g. a decision to subsidise building new houses in an area could be good for a local brick works. Technological how the rapid pace of change in production processes and product innovation affect a business. Ethical what is regarded as morally right or wrong for a business to do. For instance should it trade with countries which have a poor record on human rights. Discuss how a timetable for strategy implementation can be determined. Include a sample timetable, to include key milestone and their timings. Introduction: Despite the experience of many organizations, it is possible to turn strategies and plans into individual actions, necessary to produce a great business performance. But its not easy. Many companies repeatedly fail to truly motivate their people to work with enthusiasm, all together, towards the corporate aims. Most companies and organizations know their businesses, and the strategies required for success. However many corporations especially large ones struggle to translate the theory into action plans that will enable the strategy to be successfully implemented and sustained. Here are some leading edge methods for effective strategic corporate implementation. These advanced principles of strategy realisation are provided by the Farsight Leadership organization, and this contribution is gratefully acknowledged. Strategy implementation timetable This Strategic Planner is suitable for substantial start-ups, established businesses and strategic business units within major corporations. Following is the timetable for strategy implementation. Name of the Organization:- Suzlon Energy Ltd. Purpose of business plan The preparation of a written business plan is not the end-result of the planning process. The realization of that plan is the ultimate goal. However, the writing of the plan is an important intermediate stage fail to plan can mean plan to fail. For an established business it demonstrates that careful consideration has been given to the businesss development, and for a start-up it shows that the entrepreneur has done his or her homework. Vision and Mission Vision The first step is to develop a realistic Vision for the business. This should be presented as a pen picture of the business in three or more years time in terms of its likely physical appearance, size, activities etc. Answer the question: if someone from Mars visited the business, what would they see or sense? Mission The nature of a business is often expressed in terms of its Mission which indicates the purposes of the business, for example, to design, develop, manufacture and market specific product lines for sale on the basis of certain features to meet the identified needs of specified customer groups via certain distribution channels in particular geographic areas. A statement along these lines indicates what the business is about and is infinitely clearer than saying, for instance, were in electronics or worse still, we are in business to make money (assuming that the business is not a mint !). Also, some people confuse mission statements with value statements (see below) the former should be very hard-nosed while the latter can deal with softer issues surrounding the business. Corporate Value The next element is to address the Values governing the operation of the business and its conduct or relationships with society, customers, employees etc. Business objectives The third key element is to explicitly state the businesss Objectives in terms of the results it needs/wants to achieve in the medium/long term. Aside from presumably indicating a necessity to achieve regular profits (expressed as return on shareholders funds), objectives should relate to the expectations and requirements of all the major stakeholders, including employees, and should reflect the underlying reasons for running the business. Key strategy Next are the Strategies the rules and guidelines by which the mission, objectives etc. may be achieved. They can cover the business as a whole including such matters as diversification, organic growth, or acquisition plans, or they can relate to primary matters in key functional areas, for example: How might the dissemination process be used to help an organisation gain commitment to its strategy and the implementation of this? Introduction: Grant application priorities vary in their emphasis on dissemination as a necessary part of a successful proposed scope-of-work. Often, however, the results and impact of your grant efforts rest in the effectiveness of your dissemination activities. With effective dissemination, the awareness, recognition, and possible use of your grant outcomes may be greater than expected. Sound planning can help achieve this result. Effective dissemination process to gain organization goal Project summery: to make effective dissemination plan the initial step is to make project summery by describing the current environment or context that provide the business movement for the research. Dissemination goals: to achieve organization goal and to make further development in the business there should be a single long term goal like., business policy, practice and event culture. Effective planning: every project need well planning, to meet an organization goal, it is implicate to make effective planning about the further process and make planning about the project. Research and development is also a part of planning because before making any decision about the product and his demand it is very essential to make effective planning. Co-ordination: to reach to the organization goal the next step is to maintain co-ordination among the department as well as management because co-ordination make work easy and help to solve the problem. Co-ordination is one kind of group work, and group work has always remained effective to solve any kind of organization problem. Destination Statement: In order to make rational decisions about organizational activity and not least set targets for those activities, an enterprise should develop a clear idea about what the organization is trying to achieve (Senge 1990, Kotter 1995). A destination statement describes, ideally in some detail, what the organization is likely to look like at an agreed future date (Olve et al 1999 and Shulver et al 2000). In many cases this exercise builds on existing plans and documents but is rarely in practice to find a pre-existing document that offers the necessary clarity and certainty to fully serve this purpose within an organization. Strategic Objectives: The destination statement offers a clear and shared picture of an organization at some point in the future, but it does not provide a suitable focus for management attention between now and then. What needs to be done and achieved in the medium term for the organization to reach its destination on time is agreed upon in the form of objectives or priorities. By representing the selected objectives on a strategic linkage model, the design team is encouraged to apply systems thinking (Senge 1990; Senge et al. 1999) to identify cause-and-effect relationships between the selected objectives i.e. what do we need to do to achieve the results we expect. This approach also helps ensure the objectives chosen are mutually supportive and represent the combined thinking of the teams high-level perception of the business model. Strategic Linkage Model and Perspectives: The chosen strategic objectives are spread across four zones or perspectives. The lower two perspectives contain objectives relating to the most important activities in terms of business processes, cycle time,. productive, etc. (Internal Processes) and what needs to happen for these processes to be sustained and further developed in terms of people, product and process development (Learning Growth). The two top perspectives house objectives relating to the desired results of the activities undertaken, i.e., how we wish external stakeholders (e.g. the general public, partner agencies and organizations to perceive us (External Relations) and how this will ultimately translate into financial results and economic value (Financial). Measures and Initiatives: Once objectives have been agreed, measures can be identified and constructed with the intention to support managements ability to monitor the organizations progress towards achievement of its goals (Olve et al., 1999). Initiatives are special projects with a finite start and end date and are mapped to strategic objectives to give an indication of the projects or actions needed in order to realize the objectives (Niven 2002). References http://www.researchutilization.org/matrix/resources/dedp/#introduction http://www.chsrf.ca/knowledge_transfer/pdf/dissemination_plan_e.pdf http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Business_Intelligence/Create_and_disseminate_scorecard http://www.globusz.com/ebooks/Business21/00000018.htm Suzlon Energy, 2009. Philosophy and Strategy , (Online) http://www.suzlon.com/about_suzlon/l3.aspx?l1=1l2=1l3=10 (Accessed on 08/12/2009): ttp://www.suzlon.com/key_differentiators/l2.aspx?l1=4l2=14 http://www.businessballs.com/businessstrategyimplementation.htm http://www.planware.org/strategicplanner.htm#2 http://www.planware.org/businessplan.htm#1 http://www.globusz.com/ebooks/SmallBusiness/00000012.htm http://www.suzlon.com/pdf/Suzlon_Final_PDF_Low_One_piece.pdf http://www.philodialogue.com/10.html http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/external_environment_introduction.htm http://www.suzlon.com/images/investor_shareholdings/1_SEL_Shareholdingpattern_30-09-09.pdf http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/organisation_stakeholders_ethics.htm http://www.suzlon.com/careers/l2.aspx?l1=8l2=36

Essay --

Many specific groups, based on race or religion, indicate voting preferences towards either Democrat or Republican Candidates. Jews are no exception to this trend. What is fascinating about the Jewish vote is not that they lean slightly towards liberals; it is that they vote overwhelmingly in favor of the Democratic Party. Compared with other minority groups, Jews have been far less likely to be swayed into voting for republican candidates. Throughout the last century Jews have declared themselves to be a race of liberals in every Presidential election. What is most interesting about this is that Jews go against the grain, meaning based on their economic and educational standing in society, based on voting trends, it would make sense that Jews were to vote for Republican candidates. A conservative might ask the question, â€Å"why do Jews always vote democrat†? It is a legitimate question, and the answer is complicated. However, this essay will explore the possible answers to that question, and explain the historical significance of today’s Jewish voting trends. In American history, Jews from the time of the Revolution of 1776 to the Civil War, have played a fairly insignificant role in the overall expansion of the United States. There were of course exceptions, specifically, Haym Solomon, who helped fund the Continental Army in the Civil War. But during the United States’ century as a country, the Jewish population was small and the only significant immigration had arrived from central Europe, and the German states. Those German-speaking Jews came to the United States primarily for political and economic opportunity rather than religious freedom, which was taking hold in central Europe in the 19th Century as part of the Enlightenme... ...in significant elections. Despite all this assimilation and absorption into American culture, the overwhelming number of Jews still remain suspicious of mainstream American values. In the 1960s, many Jews joined the counterculture programs and have remained far left in orientation when it came to labor rights, race issues, and issues involving sexual orientation. These Jewish Democrats still see a country not of opportunity, but of subjugation, and they identify with the Democrats who they perceive are more concerned for the poor, a Biblical Jewish value. Republicans believe that social welfare programs hurt people’s initiative and make them dependent on government rather than upon themselves, or their families or communities. Conservatives further see this dependency as contrary to the American value of self-sufficiency and believe it leads to a sense of privilege